In recognition of International Women’s Day 2021 this blog post explores how the benefit system can do more to support women, how it has impacted women during the pandemic, and how it can be changed to create a more equal benefit system.
At the start of the pandemic there was much talk that COVID-19 would prove to be the great equalizer of our time. After all, coronavirus can affect anyone, regardless of race, religion, class or gender. Yet the opposite has happened. Whilst the virus can infect anyone, the financial repercussions have not been equally felt across our society.
Since March 2020 one in three households have lost income as a result of the pandemic, nearly two in five people who’ve been affected by mental health problems have experienced a drop in income, and Universal Credit claims have risen from 2.4 million to 5.6 million in the past year.
The numbers are striking, and women make up one of the groups most deeply affected by the pandemic.
Austerity hit women twice as hard as men before the pandemic
In 2016 the Women’s Budget Group released analysis showing that austerity measures were expected to hit women twice as hard as men. They predicted that, with new austerity measures in place, by 2020 women would be £1,008 a year worse off on average, and low-income women as much £1,678 worse off. In contrast, men would be £555 a year worse off.
To compound this, there is still a huge issue around benefit take-up. Recent government figures show that over £10 billion of benefits is unclaimed each year, nearly half of which is unclaimed housing benefits (worth up to £4.2 billion). This means that over one million families are missing out on an average of £3,000 per year. The lack of benefit take-up across households has added to the adverse impact austerity measures have had on women. Even before the pandemic here was already stark gender inequality.
Forecasts assumed that the government would proceed with its planned changes to tax and benefits in the run-up to 2020, which included the full transition to Universal Credit. As we know, the pandemic has delayed many of these plans which has only served to further entrench this gender divide.
The pandemic has worsened the problems of our gendered benefit system
In March 2020 the world went through a seismic upheaval, akin to the outbreak of World War Two. In the UK, borders closed, hospitals were overrun, care homes were sealed shut, most universities converted to online teaching and homeschooling became the norm for children and parents nationwide. The impact on the economy has been severe and the government put in place certain provisions to protect UK citizens.
Unfortunately, the government’s supports did not thoroughly take into account the often complex nature of women’s lives or consider how the benefit system can do more to support women.
We know that women take on more familial caring responsibilities than men and make up 58% of all UK carers. We also know that there more women lone parents than men. This means that it is much more likely that women will be in part-time or lower paid work so they can accommodate these familial obligations.
In fact, a report on Women and the Economy from March 2020, commissioned by the House of Commons, found that 40% of all working women were in part-time roles, compared to 13% of working men. Therefore, whole swathes of women have been automatically excluded from the COVID-19 financial support schemes. Worryingly, this often includes exclusion from sick pay, meaning that women simply cannot afford to fall ill with the virus.
It is unsurprising, therefore, that more women are now entering the benefit system for the first time:
- Over half of the new Universal Credit applicants since March 2020 are from women
- 69% of young women claiming Universal Credit are new to the benefit system
- 72% of mothers have worked fewer hours as a result of the pandemic and had their earnings cut because of lack of childcare, according to Lessons Learned: Where Women Stand at the Start of 2021, Women’s Budget Group
The reality is that the pandemic has pushed millions of people further into poverty, and women have formed a disproportionate number of this group. It is the design of a heavily gendered benefit system that allowed this to happen yet action can be taken to address how the benefit system can do more to support women.
Behind closed doors: emotional labour and domestic violence
When looking at the impact that Covid-19 is having on women it is important to also consider what is taking place in the privacy of the family home. The emotional labour women have done throughout the crisis has been monumental and the government’s order to stay at home put more women at risk of domestic violence than ever before.
As schools closed and home-schooling becoming the norm working parents had to juggle childcare and child education alongside their own work. Certainly, home-schooling impacted fathers and mothers the world over, however, there is substantial evidence to suggest that women have been impacted to a greater degree than their male counterparts.
A study by University College London found that women spent twice as much time on home-schooling than men. They were also considerably more likely to have given up work than fathers with children of the same age to undertake these caring responsibilities. On the whole ONS data shows that women were more likely than men to report that their well-being had been affected during the pandemic.
The order to stay home also led to a sharp rise in domestic violence. The United Nations’ report, The Shadow Pandemic: Violence against women during COVID-19, revealed how the pandemic has intensified violence against women in nearly every country, describing it quite aptly as the ‘shadow pandemic’. Exacerbating factors include security, health and money worries, cramped living conditions, isolation with abusers, movement restrictions and deserted public spaces.
Factors exacerbating domestic violence during the pandemic include security, health and money worries, cramped living conditions, isolation with abusers, movement restrictions and deserted public spaces. Source: United Nations Women.
The government put a number of policies in place to safeguard all victims of domestic violence. Victims were assured they would not face any legal repercussion for leaving their homes during the lockdown; £76 million was allocated to domestic abuse and sexual violence charities; and legal aid was made more accessible. However, the rapid increase in demand on domestic abuse services and charities meant that they were still stretched to breaking point. It is likely that society will be dealing with the repercussions of this in the years to come.
Our recommendations show how the benefit system can do more to support women
We recognise that these issues are deep-rooted and challenging to tackle. However, at Policy in Practice we have conducted research into important policy changes that could benefit women and society as a whole. Here are three ways that show how the benefit system can do more to support women.
1. Budget2021’s £20 uplift for a further six months is welcome but should be permanent
Our analysis shows that the £20 uplift is a first step on the path out of poverty for many:
- Maintaining the £20 uplift to Universal Credit will shield 224,000 households and 229,000 children from hardship
- The decision on the £20 uplift to Universal Credit should be looked at in conjunction with other welfare measures such as the two-child limit and the minimum income floor for self-employed households, and a four-year benefit freeze
- The uplift serves as a financial and social investment in the UK’s economic recovery from the pandemic, boosting personal finances and people’s ability to put money back into their local economy
2. The benefit cap should be reconsidered
Astonishingly, single mothers make up 85% of all households affected by the Benefit Cap. DWP figures show that out of the 134,044 households that had support capped, single mothers accounted for 114,337 of them. Policy in Practice forecasted that benefit-capped households were set to double as a result of the Covid-19 supports, so the welcome increases in benefits were hitting a static benefit cap and not reaching the families who needed them.
3. The two-child limit should be reconsidered
Our evidence to the Work and Pensions Committee found that:
- The two-child limit will worsen child poverty: an estimated 266,000 will enter poverty due to the limit on tax credits
- In-work households will be penalised: 70% of those at risk are in-work and they will face a higher average loss of income than out-of-work households
- There may be unintended consequences on household behaviour
With women making up a large proportion of lone parents, this has had disastrous impacts on those households and has pushed more families further into poverty.
Helpful resources
- Policy in Practice Check if you are missing out on any benefits you are eligible for via our free-to-use Benefit Calculator
- Citizens Advice To find your nearest local Citizens Advice call 0800 144 8848 or visit www.citizensadvice.org.uk
- Gingerbread For support on single parenting call 0808 802 0925 or visit www.gingerbread.org.uk
- Domestic Violence Assist For immediate help with domestic violence call 0800 195 8699 or visit www.dvassist.org.uk
- National Centre for Domestic Violence For help to get protection against an abuser call 0800 970 2070 or visit www.ncdv.org.uk
- Men’s Advice Line For help for male victims of domestic abuse call 0808 801 0327 or visit www.mensadviceline.org.uk
Next steps
To find out more about Policy in Practice’s work join our free webinars:
- Wed 17 March: Boost safeguarding through multi-agency data sharing. See details and register here
- Wed 21 April: Back to work: Making the most of the Restart Scheme. See details and register here
- Wed 28 April: How local authorities can prepare for the end of the eviction ban. See details and register here
- Wed 19 May: What we all need to know about implementing Breathing Space. See details and register here
