George Osborne made some big policy announcements in Wednesday’s Summer Budget.
The biggest headline was what the Chancellor calls the ‘National Living Wage’. “Britain deserves a pay rise and Britain is getting a pay rise,” he said.
The ‘National Living Wage’ will be set at £7.20 per hour in April 2016 (compared to £6.50 today) and will rise to £9.00 per hour by 2020. It will apply to people 25 and over.
Pay rises for low paid workers are surely a good thing. Britain is a low wage economy, with a growing proportion of people in poverty being those in work.
More than half of the 13.2 million people in poverty are in work.
But the Chancellor claims that “those currently on the minimum wage will see their pay rise by over a third this Parliament, a cash increase for a full time worker of over £5,000.”
While this may be true in terms of gross earnings, a full time worker could see just 7% of this pay rise in their pockets due to the withdrawal of benefits and tax credits.
The Treasury accrues the remaining 93% in reduced welfare payments and increased tax revenue.
Government benefits more from a pay rise than low paid workers
Welfare is a complex system of work allowances and taper rates. It can be very difficult for people to know how much better off they will be by taking a job or an extra shift. (Unless, of course, they’re using our Universal Benefit Calculator.)
People working a low number of hours who still qualify for income-replacement benefits (i.e. Jobseeker’s Allowance, Income Support, or Employment & Support Allowance) are hit by a £ for £ withdrawal of benefits. This means that when Britain gets its pay rise to £7.20 in April, people earning the National Minimum Wage and working a low number of hours won’t benefit.
For example, take the case of Sue, a lone parent working 12 hours per week at the National Minimum Wage. In April 2016, her net earnings will rise by £8.40 per week, but her Income Support falls by the same amount – meaning she won’t get a pay rise at all.
The situation improves when she no longer qualifies for income-replacement benefits (generally when working above 16 hours per week), but not by much.
If Sue were working full-time, at 35 hours per week, an increase in the minimum wage from £6.50 to £7.20 would increase her gross earnings by £24.50 each week. But only £2.32 reaches Sue’s pocket after paying tax and losing benefits as a result of her pay rise – she keeps just 9% of the pay rise.
This is because Housing Benefit, Working Tax Credit, Income Tax, and National Insurance are all being withdrawn at the same time.
So if low paid workers aren’t seeing the benefit of the increase, where is it going? The Treasury. The Government benefits from increases to the minimum wage through reduced welfare payments and increased tax revenue, at the expense of the employer.
Cuts to Tax Credits will only make the problem worse
So far I’ve only examined the increase to the minimum wage in isolation, but there was more to the Summer Budget than Britain’s pay rise.
Next April, the withdrawal rate of Tax Credits will increase from 41% to 48%. The amount people in receipt of Working Tax Credits can earn before this taper kicks in will also fall from £6,420 per year to £3,850. This means that people in receipt of Tax Credits will keep even less of their pay rise. When Sue works full-time, she’ll now get to keep just 7% of that pay rise.
The personal tax allowance will also increase from £10,600 per year to £11,000, which means that people earning above £10,600 will pay less income tax. But as I’ve written before, raising the personal tax allowance is a very ineffective way to help those on the lowest incomes.
With all of these factors taken into account, Sue will be worse off in 2016. What she gains in a higher wage and higher personal tax allowance does not compensate for what she’s lost in Tax Credits.
(Note an interesting quirk of the welfare system: Sue’s Housing Benefit has actually gone up. This is because her Working Tax Credit has fallen, and Tax Credits are taken into account as income when calculating Housing Benefit. I told you the system was complicated.)
Universal Credit is an improvement, but work incentives have weakened
Universal Credit is the Government’s flagship welfare policy. It will help low paid workers keep more of their earnings by combining six means-tested benefits into a single withdrawal rate.
This means that those earning below the tax thresholds will always get to keep 35% of what they earn, and those paying income tax and National Insurance will get to keep around 24%. It’s still a very high effective tax rate, but it is certainly an improvement on the current system.
But the Chancellor’s Budget also put work incentives in Universal Credit under the chopping block. The generous work allowances in Universal Credit were a key feature that ensured people will be better off in work.
Now, non-disabled people without children won’t get to keep any of their earnings before UC is withdrawn. Work allowances for others have fallen to £4,764 per year for those without housing costs, and £2,304 for those who receiving housing support.
Lone parents with no housing costs are the group that feel the deepest cut to work incentives – a reduction of over £4,000 per year.
The Government can’t make work pay by weakening work incentives
George Osborne said in his Summer Budget speech on Wednesday:
“The OBR forecast that under the current economic conditions, almost a million more jobs will be created over the next five years. Our ambition is to go further, and create 2 million more jobs on the road to full employment. To help achieve that progressive goal, we set out today how we will make work pay.”
The Chancellor would like us to believe that simply raising the minimum wage will achieve this, but the Government benefits more from this pay rise than the low paid worker it is intended to help.
What’s more – he’s ensured that work in 2016 will pay even less for those on benefits than it does today.
3 Comments. Leave new
Why doesn’t Sue’s Housing Benefit rise in the second example – her Tax Credits have reduced like they have in the third example?
Hi P.,
That is a good question which highlights just how complicated benefits can be.
The reason that Sue’s Housing Benefit has not risen in the second example is that her Tax Credits have not fallen as much as they have in the third example. They have only fallen due to the additional earnings she’s received, by around £10 per week. At the same time, her earnings have gone up by £24.50. This means her applicable income for Housing Benefit still rises, causing a reduction in her award.
In the third example, her Tax Credits are falling not only because she has additional earnings, but because of the increased taper rate and reduced earnings disregard. These things combined mean that she loses around £43 per week in Tax Credits – over four times as much as she’s lost in the second example. The losses are not enough to make up for the £24.50 increase in earnings. Therefore, her applicable income for Housing Benefit has gone down, causing an increase in her award.
A lot of people will lose their jobs as employers will not be able to take on as many staff as they used to – – my hours will be cut and so forth and I wont get a full break nor overtime –